A small scale free essay sample

A little scope examination concerning the advancement of ‘self concept’ in kids, in view of the discoveries of Rosenberg (1979), utilizing 2 members of various age ranges. Dynamic This examination takes a gander at the self depictions of two kid members and how they create with age utilizing the discoveries of Rosenberg (1979) as a source of perspective. Rosenberg found that the self depictions of more youthful youngsters, physical characteristics were increasingly pervasive, while more seasoned kids concentrated on their inward convictions and character traits. An open finished style of meeting was utilized to scrutinize the two participants.The answers given were then ordered into the properties found by Rosenberg; Physical (P), Character(C), Relationship(R), and Inner (I). Rosenberg’s hypothesis of ‘Locus of Self’ in which the degree to which a youngster depends on others when making a decision about themselves, was likewise examined, with Rosenber g’s discoveries that as a kid ages the more mindful they become as an asset. My discoveries concurred with Rosenberg’s, in that with age , self idea grows anyway my discoveries didn't harmonize with Rosenberg’s convictions that self locus shifts from others to self with age, with the examination indicating no change .Introduction The investigation explores the self-portrayals of two offspring of varying ages, and takes a gander at them corresponding to the discoveries of Rosenberg (1979). Rosenberg accepted that more youthful youngsters utilized physical exercises and qualities to portray themselves while more established kids utilized their relationship and parts of their inward sentiments to depict themselves. In Rosenberg’s study he met a determination of 8 - multi year olds, haphazardly browsed 25 schools in Baltimore, USA.He requested that the members depict themselves utilizing a â€Å"who am I† spread out. The appropriate responses were then investigated further to incorporate sentiments of pride/disgrace, their likenesses/c ontrasts to other people, and so forth. He at that point ordered the appropriate responses into Physical (P), character (C), Relationships (R), and Inner traits (I). Utilizing these classifications he searched for regular examples over the age ranges. Strategy Design The examination is proposed to imitate that of Rosenberg (1979), utilizing a survey (Appendix A), planned by the Open University, like that of Rosenberg.The poll will deliver answers to the announcement ‘Who am I’? , delivering a rundown of self descriptors about every youngster. The appropriate responses assembled would at last be utilized and qualities into one of the four gatherings found by Rosenberg. (Reference section B) Following this, utilizing the finished poll, a progression of open finished inquiries dependent on the appropriate responses gave were sought after to additionally clarify the self recognitions. This gave data with respect to self idea, and its turn of events and social determination.This would help expand and planned to discover thinking to Rosenberg’s ‘locus of self knowledge’ Participants Two kids partook. One female, one male. The female is age 8 years of age, and goes to grade school. The male is a multi year old auxiliary school understudy. First names were utilized all through the examination. The scientists were obscure to the members. Materials ‘Who am I’ poll ( Appendix A) Pen Audio recording hardware Procedure The members knew about the idea of the examination and its purposes.They were educated that there were no set in stone answers. The meetings were completed inside the school area and inside the ordinary tutoring hours. The multi year old was met in a structure contiguous her school, where she partook in P. E consistently there. The multi year old was met in a little meeting room inverse the secretary’s office. During the meetings a sound recordist and a maker were available just as a study hall right hand in the youthful girl’s interview.The members were solicited to contend a rundown from self descriptors headed ‘Who am I’, to which an open finished arrangement of inquiries organized around the ‘who am I’ answers, followed to help expand. The members were expressed gratitude toward for their assistance with the investigation. Results The aftereffects of the inquiries ‘Who am I’ were ordered into one of the four of Rosenberg’s classes. (Informative supplement B) and afterward the sums were included for every class. These aggregates were thus, worked into rates. These rates are appeared in an outline. Addendum C). The rate scores for the class physical declines from 100% to 45% over the multi year distinction. Member An, Annie scored 100% in physical properties. None of the participants’ answers were deciphered as scoring in the trademark or connections classifications, however member B, Adam scored the larger part, 55% of his answers in the ‘inner ‘section. These outcomes ordered would agree with Rosenberg’s discoveries that with age, ones self descriptors move away from physical credits to progressively close to home beliefs.However the discoveries neglected to create proof to relate with Rosenberg’s locus of self information. The more youthful member accepted that her mom and instructors were the wellspring of data when gotten some information about her tutoring and so on, as too did the more established member, which isn't with regards to Rosenberg’ unique discoveries that with age we can depend on our own concept of self instead of another legitimate individual, similar to guardians or educators. Conversation This little scope examination has not entirely delivered the outcomes trusted for.The end s from the self descriptors were that physical characteristics were noticeable in the two ages however more so in that of the more youthful member. They appeared with age a youngster changes to progressively close to home internal accepts and wants, which to a degree would expect that Rosenberg’s discoveries were right, despite the fact that our example just ganders at two members. The aftereffects of the locus of self information questions didn't anyway agree with that of Rosenberg as he set forward the thought that with age we change from getting information on one selves from definitive figures to accepting that we ourselves are the key.The results indicated that the two members presently couldn't seem to influence away from picking up that data from guardians and so on. The inquiries with respect to ‘who knows you better’, were focused round fitting circumstances like at school, an educator. Member one demonstrated a slight comprehension, in that she replied, it depends what they said (16. 28), appearing, maybe that she figured she would know better. Be that as it may, this was not restrictive to all the inquiries. Challenges in imitating the examination were obvious, as such a little example was investigated, the outcomes couldn't be over summed up.

Lg Brown Goods Free Essays

Undertaking on LG Contents Mission3 Mission Statement3 Vision3 Core Values3 How the current systems are inside the mission, vision and center values3 Present Strategy3 Market Analysis3 Segmentation3 Targeting4 Positioning4 Needs4 PESTLE Analysis4 Political factor4 Economical factor4 Socio-social factors5 Technological factors5 Legal factors5 Environmental factors5 Industry/Competitive Analysis6 Industry in which LG Competes6 Industry execution for most recent 5 years and projections for next 3 years6 Piece of the overall industry of Top 5 players by segments7 Market portion of sorted out and disorderly for a year ago and projection for next three years8 Industry’s 5 serious forces9 Indirect Competitors of LG Electronics (Brown Goods) â€9 Top Direct Competitors of LG Electronics in INDIA â€9 Competitive focal points of Samsung Electronics â€10 Competitive Advantages of Sony Electronics â€10 Competitive Advantage of Videocon â€10 SWOT Analysis of LG Electronics â€10 Performance Review11 Past execution of the item and components of the showcasing mix11 Objective of the company13 Mission Statement To turn into a top imaginative gadgets organization on the planet. It invests heavily in its organization and representatives and accepts this is the thing that will make it into one of the most inventive organizations of the 21st century. Vision LG’s vision is to convey creative computerized items and administrations that make our customers’ lives better, simpler and more joyful through expanded usefulness and fun. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lg Brown Goods or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Guiding principle Worldwide, Tomorrow, Energy, Humanity and Technology are the columns that this organization is established on; with the capital letters L and G situated inside a hover to focus our beliefs to the exclusion of everything else, mankind. The image mark represents our purpose to build up an enduring relationship with, and to accomplish the most noteworthy fulfillment for our clients. How the current techniques are inside the mission, vision and fundamental beliefs By embracing the Blue Ocean Strategy LG will have the option to support its administration position. BOS gives a deliberate method of recognizing and making high development openings. LG is looking not simply to keep up its administration position in India, yet to proceed to develop, and to progress from a mass brand to an excellent one. Through the appropriation of this strategy, LG plans to dispatch items or administrations which make or essentially increment its pieces of the overall industry and benefit by offering separated qualities taking into account clients. The transition to receive Blue Ocean Strategy is viewed as an eager drive to revive LG comprehensively. The system targets structuring so as to misuse openings, so far undiscovered; either inside the current fragments of LG or outside, where there is zero or insignificant rivalry. Present Strategy * Local and effective assembling to decrease cost * Product localisation; LG came out with territorial language menus on its TV * Introduction of low evaluated items for the provincial market particularly in the TV fragment * LG has received the local dispersion model in India * Offering moderate items at a lower edge â€cutting on volume to ring in incomes * LG is embracing the Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) in India as a major aspect of its worldwide procedure * BOS gives a casing work for splitting ceaselessly from the opposition to accomplish high client worth and benefit all the while * Blue Ocean Products will be items and administrations which make a differential incentive for the client, along these lines opening up tremendous, new markets to definitely improve productivity and piece of the pie * Blue Ocean Business Model is one that centers the endeavors of the organization on giving separated an incentive to clients. Market Analysis Division †Demographic Higher pay bunch Occupation †Geographic Tier 1 and Tier 2 urban areas †Psychographic Loyalty status †switcher faithful since result of various need are taken from various brand considering prevalence Usage rate †high as far as use client life stage †relationships and other life stage are when earthy colored great and eletronics are purchased benefts †for shopper who look for benefits determined with tech occassion †purchased for the most part on happy season so furnished with different plans. †Behavioral LG search for Value and way of life which individuals accept they compare to. Focusing on LG has focused on its market based on the item that they are offering to the buyer. upper-lower and higher portions individuals more worry to medical advantages, way of life and quality items LCD and Plasma TV for premium section attempting to move to mid class and mass market of item specific specialization Positioning Differentiate item on innovation which request to purchaser on premise of medical advantages like wellbeing wave framework for stove, brilliant eye for TV its slogan depicts to make individuals life better helpful and more beneficial they attempt to position as youthful lively and premium brand Needs Needs met by the LG earthy colored n hardware item †convenience, higher productivity PESTLE Analysis Political factor Taxation approaches, remote exchange guidelines, exchange arrangements are the significant political components. LG must follow the compliances given by the administration like the Environmental Protection Agency. Deals volume gets adversely influenced because of any adjustment in the strategies or outside exchange guidelines. It will make buyer pay more for items. There is a likelihood that the adjustment in government can have an impact from the help of LG’s Research and Development. These political elements are: High import obligation Export advancement plan of Indian government like EPCG(Export Promotion Capital Good Scheme), EOU(Export Oriented Units) status Plants in Tax impetus regions like Pune, Greater Noida. Prudent factor Price wars is the greatest financial factor for LG. LG has utilized serious procedures like confinement and adjusting it to various markets. Making it simpler to catch consumer’s eye with items that are simpler for their ordinary living. In India, LG opened assembling offices that started with the RD taking a gander at what contenders have just brought to the arket and made their item novel and outfitted towards the buyers needs. Things that may influence deals volume from a monetary stance is an unexpected change in consumer’s pay. So LG would need to glance in to how they can make items progressively reasonable for customers in downturn. In India GDP is rising. Per Capita Income is expanding, so spending intensity of purchaser is expanding. Socio-soc ial variables LG went into the market in India with quite a few apparatuses. They adjusted to the market and promptly started to be the trend-setters of that advertise. They have offered back to the general public by giving them work openings by building producing plants. They are fabricating eco-accommodating items and expanding the way of life of the individuals. Inside the social factor, LG has had the option to accomplish a higher deals volume in India. Mechanical elements LG has consistently been an innovator in development from the 1980s so innovation is the significant factor for them. LG is extending in 3G Network innovation. In India, Reliance joining with LG has 3G plans made for advanced mobile phones. LG acquainted its LG Optimus 3D with the market in India. Improvement in innovation made the item less expensive and nature of item has been expanded. Legitimate elements Legal components like business law and customer security law can likewise influence the beginning up of an organization. Work laws, similar to what number of individuals a business utilizes the quantity of representatives in every area, the base number of representatives determined in the work law and so on. Purchaser assurance law shields shoppers from fake or unscrupulous strategic approaches, deceiving commercials, and flawed items. In this way, these are a portion of the laws that organizations must withstand before beginning an endeavor. Ecological elements LG must follow the compliances given by the administration bodies like the Environmental Protection Agency which likewise screens the usage. The organization was punished for neglecting to meet its duty to make items free of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and brominated fire retardants (BFRs) before the finish of 2010. All of LG’s cell phones are currently liberated from PVC and BFRs while different items, for example, TVs and scratch pad contain PVC/BFR free parts; LG plans to eliminate these substances from TVs screens and PCs by 2012 and family unit apparatuses by 2014. In the Guide the organization scored gravely on the Energy models, being condemned for setting a powerless objective for the decrease of ozone harming substance outflows and not making sustainable power source some portion of its low carbon methodology. LG scored most focuses in the Sustainable Operations classification with the organization giving reclaim to out of date telephones in 52 nations and being tending to the issue of contention minerals. LG is presently following a green item system. The goal of LG Electronics’ green item technique is to limit the natural effect in general worth chain while improving lives. The methodology comprises of three parts; vitality, human and assets. The system depends on a model that mulls over high vitality effectiveness, a decrease in crude material utilization, and human government assistance. Industry/Competitive Analysis Industry in which LG Competes LG Competes in Consumer Durables industry. Theâ consumer durables industryâ emerged in the twentieth century and has now become a worldwide industry worth billions of dollars. * LG has practical experience in the assembling of shopper durables The extent of our report covers LG’s earthy colored Goods which include: * Television * Audio-Video Systems Computers * Electronic Accessories Industry execution for most recent 5 years and projections for next 3

A Challenge Paying For School COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A Challenge Paying For School COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The admission season is filled with ups and downs for applicants.   You may receive admission offers from some schools and not from others.   Those who are admitted may experience the exhilaration of all their hard work paying off only to experience the worry of how to pay for the tuition and all of the related educational expenses. When I speak with prospective students I always try to be upfront and state that I do not like surprises.   I do not want people to be surprised by the fact that the cost of attending SIPA for two years can well exceed $100,000.   This figure includes tuition, fees, housing, food, travel, health insurance and everything it will take to support your studies for approximately two years in a city known for a high cost of living (slightly combated by selling pizza by the slice). I also do not want to hide the fact that we are only able to award funding to approximately 15% of first year students.   I am happy to say that 70% of those who apply for funding in their second year at SIPA and qualify (by achieving a 3.2 GPA in the first year at SIPA) are awarded a scholarship in the second year. Having worked in higher education for many years now, I can say that it is quite common to have very emotional conversations with students about money and financial aid.   I can both empathize and sympathize with students I speak with because I attended graduate school and took a considerable amount of loan funding to do so.   I am also happy to say I did apply for and receive scholarships to attend school, although no where near the amount to cover the full cost of attendance. Unfortunately when I speak with students and ask them about the effort they have put into searching for scholarships or other sources of free funding, very few are able to respond in the affirmative.   It is common to hear responses such as: “I simply don’t have time.”   “I don’t know where to look.”   “I started to look but there was nothing out there.” For me searching for scholarships is like many other things in life â€" the effort you put in equals the result.   If you want an “A” in a class you have to put in the time.   If you want to find an apartment in New York City you have to search, talk to people, and expend a great deal of energy. In a way searching for scholarships is like saving for retirement.   First, the sooner you start the better off you are.   Second, it is wise to keep researching for ways to make your money and opportunities grow.   So my question to you applicants out there is, “How much time have you spent looking for funding?” My hope is that you have been looking but if not it is never too late to start.   My advice to you would be to make scholarship searches a part of your normal routine.   Most of us have things we like to do that we will not miss.   It can be watching a T.V. show, going to the gym, or taking time to write a letter to a friend.   Schedule a time once a week to look for scholarships and it literally can pay off.   Here are some ways to get started: •  Check out SIPA’s own fellowship database. We search for scholarships for you and post them to the database.   The database is not SIPA specific.   As we search for and hear about funding, we make the information available to you. •  Use RSS  technology to deliver news to your email account or RSS Reader.   RSS allows for news to be delivered to you without having to go look for it every day.   As an example, Gmail accounts have something called the “Alert” tool and I am sure other providers have the same capability.   All you have to do is put in text for searches and a search engine will perform the searches daily  and deliver news to your email account.   You can type in search terms like “Graduate School Scholarships” or “International Affairs Scholarships.”   You can also utilize an RSS reader.   They are free and if you do not know what an RSS reader is, click here for a YouTube tutorial. •  Talk to people you know who have gone to graduate school and find out if they were able to find scholarship opportunities. •  Contact people who are willing to write you a letter of recommendation and have them make multiple copies of the recommendation letter and give them to you in sealed envelops so you are ready if a scholarship opportunity arises and there is a tight deadline. I will not say the process of searching is easy and it can take a considerable amount of effort.   However, if you wish to reduce the amount of loan funding you might need to pay for school it is well worth the effort.

U.s. Relations Between The International System Essay

It is no doubt that China is becoming both a military and economic power in the international system. This emergence in power however poses a threat to the United States; the current world hegemon. To assess China’s rise as an economic power, it is important to analyze state relationships in the international system. The IR theories of Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism are crucial in predicting the future of Sino-U.S. relations, as each theory holds a distinct position on state relations in the international system. Thee presence of anarchy in the international system; the lack of central authority in the international system must be acknowledged when analyzing state affairs. Realist theory argues that states act in response to anarchy and presume the international system to be one of self-help. States are self-interested actors that look to maximize power and ensure security. This security dilemma in current US-Sino relations about nuclear arms. In an attempt to compete with the US, China is â€Å"‘increasing its existing ability to deliver nuclear warheads to the United States and to overwhelm missile defense systems.’† China is exhibiting relative gains, as it measures its own nuclear arsenal relative to the one of the US. Because the US is seen as threat to China militarily, China’s response has been to develop their defense industry. By increasing their industry sector, China is attempting to balance power its power in the international system by countering the powerShow MoreRelatedChallenges of International Relations966 Words   |  4 PagesLesson 1 Several questions should be answered in regards to international relations first. Are states obsolete? For almost four hundred years, the territorial state has been the primary player in world politics. To achieve state sovereignty has been the main goal of most nationalistic separatist movements. In some points of view, the territorial state is in very good health. It is still needed to provide military security, give people identity, raise taxes, and provide for the needy. AlthoughRead MoreChina Is A Player At The Table1579 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 21st century, U.S.-China relations have been shaped by the perception and acknowledgment that â€Å"China is a player at the table†. As a result, many have turned to international relation theories to predict whether China’s rise will peaceful or conflicted. Most understand that international relations are a â€Å"combination of forces and factors that are regarded as being diametrically opposed to one another†(Fri edberg 2005 p11). However, in the unique case of U.S.-China relations, there is not onlyRead MoreInternational Relations : Definition, Liberalism, Constructivism And Marxism903 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Relations There are many theories that defines international relations. Most of these relations are based on the idea that acts in accordance to the national interest of that particular country. These theories represents a set of ideas that explains how the international system works. The major theories are Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Marxism. According to realism, the system for the countries works for their benefits only by working in increasing their power relative toRead MoreChina Rising Of China And China1505 Words   |  7 PagesIn the other hand, others argue that confits between two nations are avoidable. For example, economic exchange between the United States and China increased dramatically after the 1970s. The economic interdependence lowers the intension for China to create clashes with the United States. In addition, China’s â€Å"Peaceful Rise† policy suggest that the economic and military development is beneficial to the world. Yet, in the reality, the conflicts between the two nations are normal while China is growingRead MoreFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 Pagesdisciplines. International Political Economy scholars have provided a number of different approaches for studying, analyzing and understanding the political and institutional constrains that have shaped the development of Latin American countries. They have also incorporated into the analysis variables such as the influence of international organizations and the economic and class history, and its relation with one of the principal characteristics of Latin American countries: the disparity between the wealthyRead MoreIII. Dependence of the Gulf states on external security guarantees The previous part of the1200 Words   |  5 Pagespart of the Gulf. Other factors of instability in the Gulf belong to the systemic level of the Gulf subregion. One of these factors is the existing regional security architecture, which fosters dependence on the U.S. to provide means of defence and deterrence. Part of the issue is that U.S. security guarantees result in lack of consensus and cooperation among the Gulf states themselves, which ultimately fuels conflict. It could be argued that American security commitments and lack of cooperationRead MoreInternational Business Chapter 9733 Words   |  3 Pageseasier. 2. How does international law differ from national law? What are the sources of international law? International law includes legal relations between governments, including laws concerning diplomatic relations between nationals and all matters involving the rights and obligations of sovereign nations. Private international law would cover matters involved in a contract between businesses in two different countries. National law is made of three major legal systems of the world today.Read MoreInternational Relations Theories And Global Climate Change Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagesclimate change become stuck? What international relations theories can explain this and how can they facilitate better cooperation between countries? A global climate change solution has been stuck due to the unwillingness or inability of developed nations like the U.S. to take responsibility of their large share of the past and current greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing emissions in developed countries is not enough, and the weighted action needed cannot be equal between developed and developing na tionsRead MoreAmericas Cuban Conundrum1248 Words   |  5 PagesAmericas Cuban Conundrum: One of the most controversial and widely debatable issues that have been discussed extensively in international legislation for several decades is the Helms-Burton Act. The main controversy surrounding the Helms-Burton Act is the resistance from the Cuban government regarding the features of the legislation. The resistance is a clear demonstration of the legality of property claims despite of the passage of time. Throughout history, rarely has an initiative by the AmericanRead MoreRelations Between The United States And The Europe1691 Words   |  7 PagesPeterly Jean Baptiste US- EU relations Introduction Relations between the United States and the Europe dates back as far to 1950. Back in those days the U.S dealt with the ECSC, European Coal and Steel Community. The ECSC was created in the wake of WWII, established by the Treaty of Paris, with the sole purpose of uniting Europe which had been hammered by three increasingly destructive wars. The ECSC’s objective of unity was forged through the creation of a free trade area for several key economic

Past and Present Connections Alice Walker’s Use of First...

Alice Walker’s use of first person point of view allows us to form closer connections to the story by enabling the reader to better understand Mama’s views. The role of Mama as narrator helps us transgress through a story that when first read, seems like a fairly simple story about a Black woman, her two distinct daughters, and a quilt with an undetermined destination. Upon closer reading and analysis of the role of Mama as narrator, it is apparent that this is not just a simple tale of a Black woman, her two daughters and a quilt, but the story of Black women, their heritage, and the quilt as a symbol for that heritage and the generations of history associated with that heritage. Through Mama’s narration we will see Mama’s internal†¦show more content†¦She realized it was beautiful and how it was made from the beautiful tree in the backyard of where her sister Big Dee and her first husband Stash used to live (Par 54). Through first person narrati on we connect to Mama’s deep, inner feelings as Mama is in the process of understanding the value of these objects in which carry historical significance to her family. Only through first person narrative can we as the readers get an immediate sense of what Mama is feeling and how her character is developing. The final straw that broke the camel’s back for Mama was when Dee wanted to possess the one quilt that has been passed down from generation to generation. It wasn’t that she wanted it so much as she had no clue of the simple value of those quilts. Dee claims to want them to hang on the wall and to keep safe the heritage and the history of those quilts rather than for Mama to give them to Maggie because she thinks Maggie will just put them to â€Å"everyday use† and ruin them. Dee didn’t know the history of those quilts as much as she claimed that she did. To Mama, that quilt was the bits and pieces of memories and history passed on from her great grandma’s time. In the beginning, Mama was planning to give them to Dee and actually had offered it to her but Dee didn’t want them back then. Dee said the quilt was pieces of her grandma’s dresses but in fact, they were bits and pieces of all the past generations clothesShow MoreRelatedEveryd ay Use By Alice Walker1725 Words   |  7 Pagesthat heritage has to do with truly understanding their past. Many often misrepresent it, especially the younger generations who just accept its presence. Alice Walker’s short story, â€Å"Everyday Use,† revolves around an African American family that consists of three women, who are very different from each other. The story begins with Maggie and Mama waiting in the yard for Dee, the main character, to visit from Augusta. Dee is the first person in her family to attend college, which creates distanceRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1111 Words   |  5 Pagestheir culture. Alice Walker highlights and distinguishes the dissimilarities and clichà © of country African American women with the actualities that make up their lives. Characterized by short, compound sentences, with long adjectives and use of literary elements, her style is eloquent conversational and authentic. Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Us e is stylistic, ironic and narrates profound interpretation of unique views and approaches to African-American culture. Walker’s use of characterizationRead MoreAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 PagesAlice Walker: Peeling an Essence As an African- American novelist, short–story writer, essayist, poet, critic, and editor, Alice Walker’s plethora of literary works examines many aspects of African American life as well as historical issues that are further developed by Walker’s unique point of view. Writers like Alice Walker make it possible to bring words and emotions to voices and events that are often silenced. Far from the traditional image of the artist, she has sought what amounts to aRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Alice Walker, Flannery O Connor, And Raymond Carver1831 Words   |  8 Pageswhich authors present as either to have â€Å"normal† or â€Å"abnormal† relationships. Three authors whose writing published in the 20th century focuses on family as a central theme are Alice Walker, Flannery O’Connor, and Raymond Carver. A commonality between all three stories is the emphasize on the role of women within the family unit. All three short stories use different e lements such as characterization, conflict, plot, symbolism and tone, but while Alice Walker and Raymond Carver present â€Å"normal† family

Sources And Sinks Of Carbon Dioxide Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(83) " forest would besides let go of a big sum of particulates and gases including GHG\." CO2 is without doubt the best-known anthropogenetic nursery gas. The increasing degrees of CO2 are of great concern as the universe might confront awful effects in the onset old ages. Figure 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Sources And Sinks Of Carbon Dioxide Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 illustrate the tendency of CO2 in our ambiance and is projected to increase farther if we do non seek to take down it. This curve is known as the Keeling record. Figure 3.1: The Keeling curve ( Robert Simmon, 2008 ) The atmospheric concentration of CO2 is now 390 parts per million ( ppm ) of CO2 and is lifting at a rate of 2 ppm yearly. This changeless rise in CO2 degree is nevertheless insecure for little island provinces like Mauritius. Mauritius is a little island developing province ( SIDS ) and is likely to be susceptible to climatic unpredictability and long-run clime alteration chiefly utmost conditions conditions such as cyclone, inundations, drouth and low-lying rise. Carbon rhythm theoretical account for Mauritius Mauritius is situated in the Indian Ocean of geographic location of 20AÂ °S and 57AÂ °E and represents the southern portion of the Mascarene Plateau. The Mauritius Island is of volcanic beginning and is composed of olive basalt and doleritic basalt ( Nayak, 2005 ) . It has an country of 1864 km2, surrounded by coral reefs and it has an sole economic zone ( EEZ ) of 1.9 km2. The length of the coastline is about 322 kilometers, bordered by coral reefs and enveloping a laguna of 242 km2 ( MOE A ; NDU, 2007 ) . Bing a little SIDS, Mauritius is greatly reliant on coastal ecosystem for touristry industry. The extraction of 500,000 metric tons of coral laguna yearly by traditional methods has been damaging the ocean floor and therefore changing the seabed geometry. This change let bigger moving ridge to make the shore doing extended beach eroding ( T.Ramessur, neodymium ) . Fortunately a prohibition was inflicted on extraction of depth Marine deposits and is no longer legal. Mauritius has experienced an one-year economic growing of 5-6 % with a rise in criterion of life, together with a growing of energy demand ( UNDP, 2008 ) . Having no modesty of dodo fuel, coal and natural gas, Mauritius is to a great extent dependent on imported goods to run its delicate economic system. The Mauritius Carbon rhythm is a mostly biological and the remainder consist of anthropogenetic beginnings and sink. Figure 3.2 illustrate the C rhythm adapted for the Mauritius context Figure 3.2: Mauritius C rhythm adapted from NASA Earth Science Enterprise ( Earth Observatory, 2007 ) Degree centigrade: UsersHansDesktopC cycle.jpg Carbon exists in the inanimate environment chiefly as: CO2 in the ambiance and dissolved in H2O and ocean Limestone and coral Dead organic affair Carbon enters universe by the action of autophyte: Chiefly photoautotrophs like workss and algae. They carry out photosynthesis by utilizing energy from the sunshine, CO2 and H2O for their cellular maps such as biogenesis and respiration. To a little extent from chemoautotrophs like bacteriums. They obtain their C derived from organic compounds but obtain energy from the oxidization of their substrate. Carbon returns to the ambiance by: Respiration Combustion Decomposition In order to to the full understand the Mauritius C rhythm, we need to place the natural beginnings, the anthropogenetic beginnings and the sinks of CO2. Natural Beginnings Respiration Respiration is a normal metabolic procedure. It occurs both on land and in the sea and is a critical component for the C rhythm. Worlds, animate being, bacteriums and fungi green goods CO2 as portion of their normal respiration procedure. Mauritius, being a little island has an estimated population of about 1.3 million. Our part to atmospheric CO2 due to respiration is comparatively undistinguished. But nevertheless as temperature additions, the rate of respiration additions and hence farther bring oning CO2 in the ambiance. It is estimated about 60 billion of metric tons of C per twelvemonth ( Pg C/yr ) is emitted as a consequence of autophytic respiration. Similarly about 55Pg C/ year are evolved as a consequence of heterotrophic respiration ( Reay and Grace, 2007 ) . Vulcanism and biomass combustion During a volcanic activity, a big sum of CO2 and aerosol are released to the ambiance. Sometimes it is on a big graduated table but is comparatively minor on a planetary graduated table and it amounts about 0.02 – 0.05 one million millions of metric tons of C per twelvemonth ( Pg C/yr ) ( Reay and Grace, 2007 ) . Fires caused by lightning work stoppages have accounted and still do history for some big biomass firing event – therefore emanation of CO2. However this impact of atmospheric CO2 is comparatively short term because of the consumption of CO2 of flora regrowth. In the Mauritius context, there are no recorded volcanic activities and natural fires. But what if Mauritius was affected by them? If Mauritius had active vents, a batch of CO2 accompanied with other gases would hold been released to the ambiance. Volcanic gas is a important agent to planetary alteration. This would consequences into terrible effects on the lives of people and every bit good as the environment. A batch of tellurian flora and alien wood would hold been destroyed and do a break in the local economic system. If this was so, so volcanism would hold history for being among the chief beginning of CO2 in Mauritius. Figure 3.3 illustrates an illustration of volcanic activity adapted for Mauritius. Note: refer to Annex 1 for a elaborate account of the volcanic activity. Mauritius has a limited forest country of 22, 519 hour angle being state-owned and 25, 000 hour angle being privately-owned ( CSO, 2007 ) . These forest countries were nevertheless greatly affected by human colony and industrialization over old ages. They represent the most of import sink for CO2 in Mauritius – a natural storage country – for CO2 by hive awaying it for photosynthetic activities. If these woods were affected by natural fires, it would let go of 100s of old ages deserving stored CO2 into the ambiance in a affair of hours. Burning of forest would besides let go of a big sum of particulates and gases including GHG. You read "Sources And Sinks Of Carbon Dioxide Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore firing would for good destruct the most of import sink for CO2 if it is non replaced. Anthropogenetic beginnings Land-use alteration Land-use and land usage alterations straight affect the exchange of GHG between the Earth ecosystem and the ambiance. It is estimated to lend 10-30 % of all current anthropogenetic CO2 emanation ( Reay and Grace, 2007 ) . As land is converted to agricultural land, there is an addition in CO2 emanation associated with land usage due to the followers: Soil perturbation. Increased rate of decomposition in born-again dirt. Increased dirt eroding and bleeding dirt foods further cut downing the potency for the country to move as a sink for atmospheric C. Mauritius is a dumbly populated SIDS. It has limited high quality country which amounts to 185 000 hour angle which is suited for effectual development. In line with that, it is one of the agricultural islands holding 16 % built-up infinite and turning at a gait of 100 hour angle of residential infinite per twelvemonth. The agricultural country occupied a infinite of 80 674 hour angle and out of this proportion 68 523 hour angle of the entire land country is occupied by sugar cane. Other important land usage include wood and bush which is estimated to be 47 200 hour angle and built development including roads and public-service corporations amount to 46 500 ( CSO, 2007 ) . The land usage has complex effects on the environment in a state like Mauritius where agribusiness is limited to monoculture that is sugarcane. Preharvest cane combustion is a signifier if harvest direction frequently patterns in Mauritius frequently as a agency for uncluttering intents and this consequence into a big sum of gases being evolved into the ambiance. But it is non in misdemeanor of the Kyoto Protocol. Bush combustion is besides considered as an activity that release GHG to the environment. Forest fires incidents and combustion of agricultural residues are excessively fringy to be considered as they represent less than 1 % of the entire wood burned. Figure 3.4 illustrates the alterations made in forested land from twelvemonth 1998 to 2007. The forest land takes into history for both state-owned and privately-owned. This lessening is due to human colony and industrialization. The rapid industrialization and urbanization during the past decennaries have led to altering production and production forms that continue to show new demands for natural beginning and make new waste watercourse. Solid waste aggregation is disposed merely at Mare Chicose landfill via a web of transportation Stationss. Landfill gases consist chiefly of 40-60 % of the methane and with the balance being largely CO2. There are besides some hints of N, O and H2O vapor. It is estimated that approximately 380 000 metric tons of waste is produced in Mauritius yearly and is expected to make 410 000 metric tons by 2014. The Mare Chicose was originally designed to have 400 metric tons and is now having 1000 metric tons of waste. Figure 3.5 illustrate the annually solid waste input at Mare Chicose. Energy-related emanation Mauritius being a SIDS has a heavy trust on imported dodo fuel to run its economic system and hence doing it vulnerable to alterations in fuel monetary values. The chief dodo fuels that are imported are: coal, gasolene, diesel oil, double intent kerosine, fuel oil and LPG. The CO2 emanation associated with fossil fuel burning sums to 2454 Gg in 2000 and 3485.8 Gg in 2008 ( CSO, 2009 ) stand foring an addition of 1.1 % . Figure 3.7 illustrate the tendency of CO2 emanation from fossil fuel burning activities. Figure 3.7: CO2 emission/Gg from fuel burning activities ( Computed, Data from CSO, 2008 ) The electricity sector in Mauritius histories for more than 50 % of the CO2 emanation ( UNDP, 2006 ) . The electricity coevals is governed by Central Electricity Board ( CEB ) and Independent Power Producers ( IPP ) . Fuel input increased by 6.2 % from 707 ktoe in 2007 to 751 ktoe in 2008 ( Ministry of Renewable energy A ; Public Utilities, 2009 ) . Coal is the dominant fuel followed by bagasse and fuel oil. Their tendencies are illustrated in the figure 3.8. The fabrication industry is one of the chief pillars of Mauritius and is the 3rd greatest CO2 emitter. There were about 807 fabrication constitutions in 2007 ( MOE A ; UNEP, 2008 ) . In industrial companies every bit good as industry sector specific informations on pollution and resource usage are non methodically collected and published in Mauritius. The absences of these dependable informations block the effectual environmental direction in industry. The chief types of fuel input for fabrication industry are: fuel oil, Diesel oil, LPG, coal, fuelwood, bagasse and electricity. The concluding energy ingestion by the fabrication sector is illustrated in figure 3.9. Conveyance Conveyance is one of the critical pillars of the Mauritanian economic system and the 2nd greatest CO2 emitter. It goes without stating that conveyance has a heavy dependance on fossil fuel. The mean one-year growing of vehicular fleet is of approximately 5 % . The entire figure of vehicles has drastically increase from 233, 415 in 1999 to 351,406 in 2008 as illustrated in figure 3.10. Figure 3.11 shows the rise in figure of vehicles per kilometer of route from 2003 to 2008. This rapid addition in vehicles consequences into an addition in gasolene and Diesel oil imports. Unleaded gasolene is available as from November 2002 on the local market. But harmonizing to auto traders the per centum of vehicles holding a on the job catalytic convertor is negligible ( MOE A ; UDP, neodymium ) . It is hard to gauge the sum of gasolene used by 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines for conveyance. It has been hence decided that 90 % of the imported gasolene is for 4-stroke engine ( MOE A ; UDU, neodymium ) . But since a few old ages now, some autos are equipped with engines capable to run liquefied crude oil gas ( LPG ) . Figure 3.12 illustrate the CO2 emanation from use of gasoline, diesel oil and LPG. As deduced, the entire CO2 degree is on the rise. Air conveyance is still to a great extent dependent on imported dodo fuel as illustrated by the tendency line in figure 3.14. Sinks Ocean The oceans play a main portion in both the organic and inorganic parts of the C rhythm. CO2 diffuses readily in H2O and ocean and supply a reservoir of C. Figure 3.15 illustrate the pelagic C rhythm adapted for the context of Mauritius. It is believed that the ocean absorb more than 30 % of human CO2 emanation since industrial revolution ( Lee et al. , 2003 ) . Therefore it is the 2nd largest CO2 sink after the ambiance and history for merely half of the planetary biological C consumption. ( Field et al.,1998 ) . Mauritius is at a important phase in its socio-economic development development. The sustainability of its marine resources and preservation of its exceeding diverseness depends on a critical apprehension of the linkage between human activities and the ecological responses ( Ramessur, neodymium ) . Mauritius has declared its territorial sea of 12 maritime stat mis ( nanometer ) through the territorial sea Act of 16 April 1970 and its sole economic zone of 200 nanometer around the island of Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega, Cargados Carajos shoals, Chagos Archipelagos and Tromelin as illustrated in figure 4.16. The British Indian Ocean Territory ( BIOT ) is an abroad district of the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The UK is committed to strong environmental protection. The district covers a big country of reefs and islands known as Chagos Archipelago and consists of some 50 islands and islets with a entire land country of 60 square kilometers. It has a high faunal diverseness and has alone type of coral. Some of its countries were affected by coral decoloring events in 1998 but there was no record of the bleaching strength. Coral loss is estimated to be 80-85 % on seawards and some countries were close to 100 % . The Chagos Archipelagos is intensely threatened by environmental alterations such as direct clime alteration impact, ocean acidification and sea degree rise. Vegetation Plants are of import sinks for the atmospheric CO2 on both land and in aquatic environment. They utilize CO2 during photosynthesis and besides produce it during respiration. Some of this C is transferred to the dirt as workss die and decompose. Mauritius has been colonized in the center of the sixteenth century by the Dutch, French and British severally. The three periods of colonisation have been marked by the terrible deforestation to do manner for agricultural development, infrastructural development, lodging estates, route, dams etc. But by the terminal of the sixteenth century, most of the native wood has disappeared with the exclusion of a few scattered pockets of native flora which has been spared because of their farness. Mauritius is an agricultural island busying a infinite of 80 674 hour angle and out of this proportion 65 500 hectares of the entire land is occupied by sugar cane ( CSO, 2009 ) . It has an country of 2000 km2 of which 30 % is considered forested ( United Nations Forum on Forests, 2004 ) as illustrated in figure 3.17. Mauritius chief hard currency harvest is sugarcane. It has been recognized that without sugar cane plantations which both bind the dirt and act as CO2 sink, our dirts would degrade really fast, the lagunas would slice up and air quality would degrade with hostile consequence on touristry and fishing. Sugarcane has one of the most efficient photosynthetic mechanisms among commercial harvests. It helps in repairing 2-3 % of the radiant solar energy and transportations it into green biomass. This high photosynthetic capableness besides allows it to demo a high coefficient of CO2 arrested development, comparable to the moderate zone forests and therefore lending to the decr ease of nursery consequence ( O. Almazan and al. , 1998 ) . Bing a little island developing province, Mauritius has many physical restraints similar to other islands. The woods of Mauritius are little in country but carry out important maps, the most of import of them being dirt, H2O preservation, C segregation and in the preservation of biodiversity and wildlife. Soil plays a cardinal function in the Mauritanian C rhythm. The decomposition of some of the C in the dirt is respired by break uping being and C is returned to the ambiance as CO2. The remainder of the modified dirt decompose at a slower gait and therefore locked the C from the ambiance. However the state is known for its delicate ecosystem and endured loss of biodiversity in the yesteryear. There is besides an addition demand of land for lodging to suit the turning population accompanied with a rise in criterion of life. Therefore this consequences into a loss of forest countries and tree screen. How to cite Sources And Sinks Of Carbon Dioxide Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Marriage in the Modern World

Table of Contents Introduction Values cherished in the modern world Legal position of marriage Conclusion References Introduction Marriage is a phenomenon that has existed throughout human history and appears in a variety of literatures including sociology, anthropology, cultural studies and legal studies among others. It is a phenomenon that has evolved through different definitions that attempt to fit the concept in particular circumstances. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage in the Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two prominent views that have emerged are the conjugal view and revisionist view (Girgis, George Anderson, 2010, p.246). According to conjugal viewpoint, marriage is the joining together of a man and woman in order to make a lasting and exclusive commitment of the type that is intrinsically fulfilled by bearing and bringing up children together. On the other hand, the re visionist view considers marriage as the union of two people who commit to love and care for each other romantically and to sharing the challenges and gains of domestic life. Such differing views emerge from extreme debates that question the changing nature of marriage. Therefore, this paper argues that marriage in the modern world does not depend on a legal definition only, but also depends on alternative justifications. In as much as the worldviews on family life have changed, marriage still refers to a social, psychological, sexual, emotional, religious, economical and legal fulfillment and the fundamental values of marriage still holds. Values cherished in the modern world Arguably, the aspects that were valued in the traditional marriages have not lost any significance in the modern world as many people tend to think. In most societies across the world, it is generally accepted that it is good for children to be reared in stable close partnerships and that these partnerships w ould provide adults with personal accomplishment. The regularization of such stable partnership in some areas has been channeled through marriage, though marriage universally is a massively varied phenomenon (Probert, 2009). For instance, there is no common agreement over the number of parties required in a marriage; who should select partners for marriage; whether or not the rearing of children is the core idea of marriage; or the appropriate age for marriage. Indeed, in culturally diverse societies, it is hard to describe the nature of marriage that might be true for couples. Although the religious notion of marriage dominated in the tradition world, it has not lost meaning due to the legal conception of marriage. Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religious marriages can take place in situations which would not necessarily be commended by the legal framework and vice versa (Ba rlow et al., 2005). Interestingly, some religious sects have even perceived the need for official marriages to be reinforced by special religious vows, involving obligations beyond the legal commitments of marriage. In some societies, we have seen the development of civil partnerships, another alternative to marriage for couples of the same sex (Bamforth, 2007). The fact that these societies felt the necessity of creating a status different from marriage yet similar to marriage, demonstrates how strong the conventional understandings still are. Legal position of marriage Initially, marriage used to be the central focus of family laws. Scholars would concentrate on debates of the requirements of marriage, the effects of marriage and marriage termination. Presently however, many scholars of family law connote that paternity is the central concept and that marriage has limited legal importance. This is confirmed by the suggestion made by Diduck and Kaganas (2006) that â€Å"marriage is both core and tangential to family law, thought it can be argued that marriage remains at the center of family ideology† (p.30). These scholars attempt to argue that, while the legal effects of marriage are restricted, the figurative nature of marriage is still the element which plays the most important role in providing an explanation of what the perfect family should be in the modern world. With that understanding, marriage in the modern world still creates some significant legal effect. For instance, it would be impossible for an advocate to counsel a client over family issues unless the advocate is aware that the partners were married. No wonder Hecker and Wetchler (2003) observe in many societies that, married couples incline more to religious or social authorities for counseling over marriage issues. Moreover, there are other particular challenges that pressure to restrict the legal importance of marriage even further. One, as noted earlier, there are demands for th e conventional definition of marriage to be more inclusive. For instance, divorce should be made available and that sexual orientation should not matter (Bamforth, 2007). Two, there are debates that those couple living together in one way or another like a traditionally married couples should be regarded in the same ways as married couples (Lemanna Riedmann, 2011). These threats make it difficult to declare a unique standing for marriage in order to accommodate an encompassing legal definition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage in the Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The phenomenon of marriage depends on many justification including legal definitions. This is because the elements valued in the tradition conception of marriage still hold in the current world. In addition, the symbolic nature of marriage rather than legal conception underlies the ideology of a perfect marriage. Ref erences Bamforth, N. (2007). The beneï ¬ ts of marriage in all but name?† Same-sex couples and the Civil Partnership Act 2004. Child and Family Law Quarterly, 19, 133. Barlow, A., Duncan, S., James, G. and Park, A. (2005). Cohabitation, Marriage and the Law. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing. Diduck, A. Kaganas, F. (2006). Family law, gender and the state: text, cases and materials. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing. Girgis, S., George, R. P. Anderson, R. T. (2010). What is marriage? Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, 34(1), 245-287. Hecker, L. L. Wetchler, J. L. (2003). An introduction to marriage and family therapy. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. Lemanna, M. A. Riedmann, A. (2011). Marriages, families and relationships: making choices in a diverse society. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Probert, R. (2009). Marriage law and practice in the long eighteenth century: a reassessment. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Marriage in the Modern World was written and submitted by user Joe W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Average National SAT Scores for 2014

Average National SAT Scores for 2014 SAT Scores by StateSAT Score Frequently Asked Questions    In 2014,  1,672,395 of you high-schoolers out there registered  and took the SAT, which is the largest number of test-takers in recent history. And now that youve taken it, Id wager that youre interested in knowing what sorts of scores your fellow college applicants have earned. Am I  right? If youre anything like students before you (and probably those who will come after you, too), you want to know how you stack up!  Below, youll read several fun facts (and some shocking ones, too!) about the average national SAT scores for 2014. For some of you, youll be interested in knowing the average SAT scores for students entering the top public schools in the country, and others of you will be curious about scores for the top private schools. If youre just interested in SAT scores in general, then keep on reading, okay? Okay. Overall SAT Scores for 2014 Remember the math term, mean? Of course you do! Its just the average of a set of numbers. In this case, the mean is the average score of every student who took the SAT from the fall of 2013  through June of 2014. The overall score is down by just 1 point this year.   Here are the mean scores for all testers by section: Overall: 1497 Critical Reading: 497 Mathematics: 513 Writing: 487  (subscores: multiple-choice: 48.9  / essay: 7.0) SAT Scores for 2012 SAT Scores for 2013 SAT Scores By Gender Well, it looks like the boys have taken it again  this year in everything but the Writing section, ladies! Girls, you need to get it together! The boys are taking you to town on the Mathematics section! Critical Reading:Males: 499Females: 495 Mathematics:Males: 530Females: 499 Writing:Males: 481Females: 492 SAT Scores By Reported Annual Income It seems, kids, that if your parents are raking in the dough, then your odds of scoring higher on the SAT go up. Just check out the statistics. Now, be sure to use your best reasoning skills. This doesnt mean that kids with a little more cash are the smartest on the block. What else could those numbers imply? Perhaps parents with more wealth are more willing to purchase SAT prep? Perhaps they are more willing to shell out the moolah for retakes? I dont know. We could conjecture all day on this subject, but the stats do not lie; parents making more money produce kids with higher SAT scores. Look: $0 - $20,000Critical Reading: 436Math: 459 $20,000 - $40,000Critical Reading: 467Math: 481 $40,000 - $60,000Critical Reading: 489Math: 500 $60,000 - $80,000Critical Reading: 504Math: 512 $80,000 - $100,000Critical Reading: 516Math: 526 $100,000 - $120,000Critical Reading: 527Math: 539 $120,000 - $140,000Critical Reading: 531Math: 542 $140,000 - $160,000Critical Reading: 539Math: 552 $160,000 - $200,000Critical Reading: 544Math: 558 $200,000 and moreCritical Reading: 569Math: 588 SAT Scores By Ethnicity Although there is no causal relationship between ethnicity and scores, its interesting to take a peek at the differences among us when it comes to test-taking. Here are the mean overall scores by heritage. American Indian or Alaska Native: 1428 Asian, Asian-American or Pacific Islander: 1651 Black of African-American: 1278 Mexican or Mexican-American: 1354 Puerto Rican: 1349 Other Hispanic, Latino, or Latin-American: 1353 White: 1576 Other: 1504 No response: 1371    2014  SAT Scores Summary So, it would appear that if youd really like to knock the SAT out of the ballpark, youd better join a family who makes more than $200,000 per year, make sure to secure the male gender, and adopt the Asian ethnicity. If that doesnt work, you could always prepare regardless of your ethnic heritage or familial status. These statistics represent the mean, but do not, of course represent the individual - YOU. If you have nothing in common with the groups scoring the highest on the SAT, it does NOT mean that you cant secure a top-notch score. Start with some free SAT practice quizzes, grab some free SAT apps, and prepare yourself the best way you can. Good luck!

Take 20 Hours and Become an Expert in Anything [VIDEO]

Take 20 Hours and Become an Expert in Anything [VIDEO] It doesn’t take 10,000 hours to learn a new skill. It takes 20. And here’s how†¦ Josh Kaufman, author of The Personal MBA, has demystified Malcolm Gladwell’s famous â€Å"10,000† (supposedly the amount of time you need to invest in acquiring a new skill). He says you can achieve the same mastery in 45 minutes a day, for a month.Here’s the path to learning.1. Deconstruct the skillDecide what you actually want to be able to do, and break it down into manageable parts. Do some research and figure out what the people who succeed at this skill had to learn along the way and where you can learn it too! Do you need to sign up for a class, or lessons, or tackle a reading list? Invest in some equipment or supplies?2. Learn enough to self-correct. Learn just enough that you can actually tell when you’re making a mistake.This is where a teacher comes in handy, whether it’s one-on-one or in a class setting. If your desired skill is a musical or dance-based one, this probably means a lot of listening and watching to pros performing so you learn to tell the difference between a good performance and a great one. Perhaps even record yourself so you can rewatch and examine your technique for improvement.3. Remove practice barriers: i.e. remove distractions, yes, like you, Internet.Other common barriers include pets, children, day jobs (ok, maybe you just need breaks or a little alone time, not a full removal). There are a ton of productivity apps that might come in handy here- Pomodoro helps you time, apps like Self-Control (mac) and Freedom (PC) block all web access from your computer, and leaving your technology outside to go practice hula hooping is its own reward.4. Practice at least 20 hours. Finally, yep, practice for 20 hours.It’s inescapable- whether it’s 20 hours or 10,000, at a certain point there’s nothing to do but spend time practicing the thing you want to learn to love to do. Pace yourself , take breaks, but otherwise, stick to it!

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Marketing Management - Essay Example Now we shift to the methodology and rationale behind building competitive advantage. This is something that is built over time and requires synchronization between the tactics, activities and the overall strategy of the company which is producing the product(s). Competitive advantage is developed when there is a differential undertaking on the part of the customer. This could be in the form of lower prices than the competitors, better quality, efficient sales services and support and a number of other features. Thus customer satisfaction is something which cannot be measured by a standard set of parameters. It has to be experienced always with a different set of offerings that are made available. These offerings could be in the form of better quality products, higher and more efficient services or a bundle of both high-class product and state of the art service, in which case it would not be categorized under either of them rather as a mixture of both. It is pretty true that the market dynamics suggest that the competitive advantage can only be achieved when the customer is given what he or she wants but then again is there any limit to his or her wants? The answer would be NO and quite rightly so. The customer expects value for money and thus the best possible product at the most effective rate, thus it would be correct to understand his point of view and then go about changing the product offerings, prices and the value thus provided. Marketing concept has taken its basis from the selling concept.

Soc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soc - Essay Example I once attended a celebration of a Chinese new year which they call Kung Hei Fat Choi which is really a different celebration of New Year from my culture. For one, the celebration was replete with firecrackers and loud noises in their belief to scare away bad omens. They also had a dragon dance which they believe to bring good luck and rounded foods. This type of celebration is considered alien to me because we do not do dragon dance in celebrating New Year nor prepare round foods. To explain my seeming alienation about Chinese New Year, I would like to bring about George Herbert Mead’s social psychological theory of relation among the mind that not all factors in my environment can influence how I think. I belong to _____(your primary group) as my primary group and ____(your formal organization) as my formal organization. I am basically comfortable with my primary group albeit it has no formal structure where other people of the group, including myself are just enjoying each other’s company. The formal group on the other hand is more structured and has an objective why it exists. It reflects the normative organization because there are rules that are expected to follow where its members are expected to conform. In the primary group, my status varies since the structure is informal. Sometimes I am the leader and opinion maker sometimes I am the follower depending on the situation. In the formal organization however, my status is labeled as a member because I am not an officer of that club. At the end of the game, I belonged to the middle class because I had enough property to sustain me in the game. The game basically made me realized that if you make enough investment early in the game, you will end up rich because when other players step into your property, they have to pay rent and this accumulates as the game goes. Having enough resources in the game made me realized that it will enable the player to

The Process Model in Policy Changes

The Process Model in Policy Changes This paper advances the theoretical framework of the stagist heuristic framework or sometimes known as the process model in attempting to explain and analyze the policy activities which led to the enactment of Quebecs Tobacco Act  [1]  of 1998. The main premise of this paper is to evaluate the usefulness of the process model in understanding the policy making process through a comparative study between this model and the Advocacy Coalition framework (ACF). I employ, and borrow, the case study of Bretton et al., (2008) that offers an alternative outlook to the developments of the Tobacco Act using the Advocacy Coalition Framework. This paper concludes with a discussion of the models which satisfactorily reflect the reality of how policies are formulated and enforced. 1. Introduction This paper is organized into 4 parts. Part one sketches the theoretical perspectives of the stagist heuristic model and examines the factors and processes leading to the adoption of the Tobacco Act. Crucially, this part will highlight the critical role of policy actors in affecting policy processes and outcomes. Part Two provides a critical analysis to the effectiveness of the model by elaborating the advantages of the model. Part Three will go on to provide criticisms of the model by comparing it with the advocacy coalition framework used in analyzing the Tobacco Act of 1998. This part will present the many criticisms of the stagist model, using mainly contributions offered by Lindblom Woodhouse (1993) and Sabatier (1999). Finally, Part Four concludes with a brief overall assessment of the framework, considering in particular, its status as an analytical tool for understanding policy making in the real world. In the context of this paper, policy analysis is defined as a set of interrelated decisions taken by a group of political actor or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation where those decisions should, in principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve (Jenkins, 1978: 35). From Jenkinss (1978) definition above, which acknowledges public policy as a set of interrelated decisions taken by numerous individuals and organizations in government, I will form the basis of this paper. I will focus solely in understanding the processes or what Jenkins (1978) referred to as interrelated decisions leading to the adoption of the Tobacco Act. His definition also correlates to Lasswells conceptualization of knowledge of rather than knowledge in policy making, in which the latter (i.e. knowledge in), is more substantive and prescriptive (Dunn, 1981; Hogwood Gunn, 1984, Hill, 1993). The policy domain is inherently complex, and so analysts have made use of various models of simplification to comprehend the overwhelming situation and to understand it more thoroughly. Through the lens of the stagist heuristic model, policy analysts have been able to synthesize the complexity of such process into a series of functional phases, which frame this overtly political process as a continuous process of policy making. 1.1. The Stagist Heuristic Framework As pioneered by Lasswell (1956), and modified by Jones (1970), Mack (1971), Rose (1973), Anderson (1975), Jenkins (1978), Brewer De Leon (1983) and Hogwood Gunn (1984), this ideal-type framework adopts a technocratic approach to public policymaking, embracing linear and logical progression from agenda setting and concluding with policy evaluation and termination. The chronological orders of the policy life cycle are commonly categorized as problem definition, agenda-setting, policy formulation, implementation and finally evaluation (Dunn, 1981; Hogwood Gunn, 1984; Sabatier, 1999; Dye, 2002; Colebatch, 2002). 1.1.2. Problem recognition and definition. Hitherto, the greatest impetus to the developments of policy science crystallizes on a response to a myriad of social problems within, what Lasswell terms as policy orientation (cited in Dunn, 1981; Hogwood Gunn, 1984; Howlett Ramesh, 2003). Similarly, the process model presupposes the recognition of problem triggered by a felt existence of problems or opportunities (Dunn, 1981). A problem is defined as an unrealized value, need, or opportunity which, however identified, may be attained through public attention (Dunn, 1981: 44) which needs to do something about as pointed out by Wildavsky (1979) a difficulty is a problem only if something can be done about it (Wildavsky, 1979:26). However, problem recognition and definition are not straight forward activities. According to Birkland (2007) because a problem is a process of social construction, as mirrored by Dunn (1981) who states how the problem is in the eye of the beholder (Dunn, 1981: 27), it depends on subjectivity of interpretations held by various stakeholders. And so, the majority ruling may be ill-defined and, at times, may even be misframed  [2]  (Baker, 1977). In addition, as Steiss Deneke (1980) suggests, problems are seldom mutually exclusive because they often exist in a hierarchical relationship to one another, and the solution of one may depend on the solution of another, either higher or lower in the hierarchy (Hogwood Gunn, 1984: 124); therefore may often lead to a further redefinition and modification of the problematical situations (Wohlestetter, 1976; Wildavsky, 1979; McRae Wilde, 1985), which, in turn, lead to the creation and realization of more problems (Wildavsky, 1979), which I go on to address in the following paragraph. Quebecs Tobacco Act was primarily enacted as a response to the growing concerns of the public towards the issue of passive smokers or secondary smokers. As reported by Breton et al. (2008), the Tobacco Act was enacted to protect the fundamental right of non smokers to enjoy a smoke free environment than by the harms to health (Breton, et al., 2008: 1682). However, the definition of the issue leads to the discovery of more social problems. On one hand, problems such as addictiveness of smoking, prevalence of youth smokers (which have significantly lead to raising educational awareness of the hazards of smoking), how the majority of the population are non smokers and, finally, the financial burden to the public health care system are brought to attention. On the other hand, protesters of the bill have contested the lethality to passive smokers, arguing that such intervention might impede the competitiveness of the tobacco industry (through the implementation of tax) and, thus, affect t he economy of the province. In liberal democracies, such as Quebec, problem identification and definition are conceptualized as highly pluralistic, involving diverse policy stakeholders such as the public (population, retailers), individuals (Minister of Health), organizations (e.g. Quebec Division of Cancer society, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Health, Hospital industry), interest groups (e.g. Tobacco manufacturers, Non Smokers Right Association, Tobacco workers union, Events Rallying for the Freedom of Sponsorship group), the media, policy communities (Regional Public Health Directorates [RPHD], columnists and journalists, Quebec Coalition for Tobacco Control [CQCT] and also mentioned U.S administration) (Dunn, 1981; Sabatier, 1991; Kingdon, 1995; Dye, 2002; Howlett Ramesh, 2003); the actual agenda setting is characterized by different patterns in terms of actor composition and the role of public. There are outside initiation as well as inside initiation  [3]  (May, 1991 cited in Fisher, Miller Sidney, 2007); mobilization and consolidation  [4]  (Howlett Ramesh, 2003). In this case, the tobacco control adheres to Howlett Ramesh (2003) concept of consolidation; whereby due to the impending agitation of the issue amongst the public and subsequent contraband crisis of cigarettes smuggling in the US, policy elites (prominently the new Minister of Health and the National Assembly [NMA]) have seized the opportunity for government legitimacy in tobacco control by, effectively, propagandizing the issue to the public via regularly intervening in the media on different aspects of tobacco control and visiting MNAs cabinets (Breton et al., 2008: 1685). 1.1.3. Agenda setting Next, I explore the agenda setting phase which Birkland (2007) defined as the process by which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose public and elite attention (cited in Fisher, Miller Sidney, 2007: 63). The elevation from systemic agenda into institutional agenda  [5]  is usually dominated by power struggles between groups competing to elevate or block issues from reaching the institutional agenda (Cobb Ross, 1997); acting singly or, more often, by building strategic coalition with others (Sabatier, 1991; Lindblom Woodhouse, 1993). From the case study, this process is signaled by the agenda of the new Minister of Health and the tabling of the bill by the Council of Ministers at the legislative meeting. As part of his strategy in building a winning coalition, the Minister successfully gathers allies and supporters for the bill by establishing the CQCT; embracing Sabatiers ACF model. In addition, Breton et al. (2008) mentioned that the Minister of Health has also announced plans to include in the bill provisions that prohibit active involvement of tobacco companies in sponsoring arts and sports events. Spearheaded by the centralized coordination of the CQCT, the winning coalitions which compose of Non Smokers Association and various municipalities through representatives from the RPHD, effectively debated the bill and gathered political support from the Council of Ministers at the parliamentary commission meetings, which resulted in the official adoption of the bill on February, 1998. 1.1.4. Policy formulation and decision-making. In the traditional stage model of the public policy process, policy formulation is part of the pre-decision phase of policy making in which the political interchange described by Lindblom (1993) as competition of ideas emanates. It involves identifying and/or crafting a set of policy alternatives to address a problem, and narrowing that set of solutions in preparation for the final policy decision. This approach to policy formulation, embedded in a stages model of the policy process, assumes that participants in the policy process recognize and define a policy problem, consequently moving it onto the policy agenda. During this stage of the policy cycle, expressed problems, proposals and demands are transformed into government programs. At the same time, studies of policy formulation have been strongly dominated by the effort to improve practices within governments by introducing the techniques and tools of rational decision making. In all political systems people gather facts, interpret them and debate issues. This stage is when the Minister establishes centralized command through CQCT to formulate the policy to tackle the issue of public smoking. In addition, the continuous dialogue and consultation involved in an agreement of the bill with NGOs, municipalities, health institution, local and regional organizations as well as oppositions falls into this stage. Crucially, the bill was also amended to streamline the phasing out of tobacco industry sponsorship but offered no alternative solution to youth smoking and did not contest the actual harms on health of tobacco use (Breton, et al., 2008: 1 686). Brewer DeLeon (1983) usefully define decision making as the choice among policy alternatives that have been generated and their likely effects on the problem estimatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is the most overtly political stage in so far as the many potential solutions are winnowed down and but one or a select few picked and readied for use. (Howlett Ramesh, 2003:162). The models on decision making are classified as rationalism which asserts utility maximization to complex policy problems in which policy relevant information was gathered and then focused in a scientific fashion on the assessment of policy options (Howlett Ramesh, 2003:166); and incrementalism which describes policy making as a political activity of maintaining the status quo through gradual and continuation of past policies. 1.1.5. Implementation. Dye (2002) defined implementation as the implementation of policies through organized bureaucracies, public expenditures, and the activities of executive agencies (Dye, 2002: 15). Intra- and inter- organizational coordinating problem and interaction of field of agencies with the target group ranked as the most prominent variables accounting for implementation failures (MacRae Wilde, 1985; Howlett Ramesh, 2003). Another explanation focuses on the policy itself, acknowledging that unsuccessful policy implementation can be, though by no means the only, result of bad implementation, but also bad policy design, based on wrong assumptions about the cause-effect relationship (Hogwood Gunn, 1984; Fisher et al., 2007: 52). The study of implementation is dominated by the concept of top-down centralized implementation and bottom-up implementation. The top-down school or the vertical dimension represented, for instance, by scholars like Van Meter Van Horn (1975), Hood (1976), Gunn (1978), Nakamura Smallwood (1980) and Mazmanian Sabatier (1983), conceive of implementation as the hierarchical execution of centrally defined policy intentions (Fisher et al., 2007:89). Proponents of the bottom-up or horizontal approach include Lipsky (1971, 1980), Ingram (1977), Elmore (1980), and Hjern Hull (1983) who have emphasized the fact that implementation consists of everyday problem strategies of street-level bureaucrats (Pressman Wildavsky, 1973; Colebatch, 2002; Fisher et al., 2007). In this case, the policy implementation correlates closely with the top-down approach because the implementation is based on the commitments and directives from the top echelon of the government i.e. Minister of Health and Ministry of Health. 1.1.5. Evaluation. Finally, evaluation is the post hoc analysis of policies and programmes carried out by government agencies themselves, outside consultants, the press, and the public (Dye, 2002:15) through collecting, testing, and interpreting information about the implementation and effectiveness of existing policies and public programmes (Majone, 1989: 167). The plausible normative rationale is that policy making should be appraised against intended objectives and impacts form the starting point of policy evaluation, which forms the basis for justifying government actions for continuation or termination of public programmes and enables accountability of government offices especially in democratic setting (Majone, 1989). However, from the case study, it is unclear whether any form of evaluation was carried out or not. 2. Advantages. Despite depicting the developments of the Tobacco Act in a series of stages, as mentioned by Hogwood Gunn (1984) in the dividing lines between the various activities are artificial and policy makers are unlikely to perform them consciously or in the implied logical order (Hogwood Gunn, 58), Lasswell, as Hudson Lowe (2004) note, did not conceptualized these stages as real, in the sense that they encompass clear beginnings and ends. Rather, their function being merely analytic-to help us explore different dimensions of the policy process. He [Lasswell] is more concerned with the value systems, institutions and wider social processes that shaped policy in the real world (Hudson Lowe, 2004: 5). Therefore the process model does provide valuable descriptive analysis of the policy process. As explained above, the process model helps to disaggregate an otherwise seamless web of public policy transactions, as each segment and transition are distinguished by differentiated actions and purposes. Furthermore, the cumulative analyses of the various stages, arguably, contribute to the disentangling of the intricate political and social interdependencies, manifested in the policy arena, to bring about an ordered and manageable system  [6]  (DeLeon, 1983). Furthermore, this process framework has significant strategic implications. Firstly, by analyzing the policy actors and processes in discrete stages, it assists in identifying how stakeholders may support or resist health policies (ODI, 2007); and therefore develop strategies in building winning coalitions as mentioned by Easton (1979) which states how the process model lend themselves to the identification and study of interactions, not only among the various stages in the process but also among various participating organizations and between organizations and the lager social and economic environment (cited in Hogwood Gunn, 1989: 25). Although this might be more applicable to the ACF, such advantage also applies to the process model especially during the agenda setting phase. As described above, in the agenda setting phase, the process model highlighted and identified various policy stakeholders and analyzed the relationship of policy advocacies which resisted (Tobacco Manufacture rs and Tobacco Workers Union) against those whom supported the bill (Minister of Health and Non Smokers Association); thereby enabling the assessment of the cumulative effects of various actors  [7]  , forces, and institutions that interacts in the policy process and therefore shape its outcome(s) (Jann Wegrich [2007] cited in Fisher, Miller, Sidney, 2007: 44). Secondly, it also helps in identifying and addressing various obstacles that undermine successful implementation of policies (ODI, 2007). The process model follows the assumption of how public policy making is a goal oriented process aimed to reach a goal or realize an objective or a purpose (Anderson, 1984 cited in Colebatch, 2002:85), henceforth policy makers are able to identify constraints, which in this case, a negotiation with oppositions and gathering public support for the bill ensured the successful adoption of the bill. Finally as pointed out by Hogwood Gunn (1984), the process framework is rather flexible in the sense that it enables us to systematize existing knowledge without precluding the integrating of future insights (about stages, influences, interactions, etc) to the framework (Hogwood Gunn, 1984: 25). In other words, it improves the prospects of technical evidence considered during policy formulation leading to evidence based policy making. The most common method in the British government in gathering technical information for systematic analysis of policies is through trial and error achieved by carrying out a pilot test before actual implementation of policies. 3. Criticisms: A better understanding in policy making. On the contrary, Parkinson (2008) in his lecture, quite rightly so, argue that the process model resembles a mechanistic tool that describes checklists of parts present in the policy making arena; parallel to Nakamuras (1987) notion of a textbook approach (Sabatier, 1999). Henceforth, the top down legalistic framework is an artificial portrayal of the policy process (Dunn, 1981; Sabatier, 1999) as stated by Lindblom (1993) that deliberate, orderly steps are therefore not an accurate portrayal of how the policy process actually works. Policy making is, instead, a complexly inter-active process without beginning or end (Lindblom Woodhouse, 1993: 11). In other words, these processes do not evolve in a pattern of clear cut sequences; instead the stages are constantly meshed and entangled in an ongoing process which is more accurately resembles a primeval soup (Kingdon, 1995; Howlett Ramesh; 1995). Therefore, the process model leads to the imposition of hypothetical explanation of future events which may be inappropriate or misleading with actions occurring fitfully as problems become matched with policy ideas considered to be in the political interests of a working majority of the partisans with influence over the policy domain (Lindblom Woodhouse, 1993 : 10). 3.1. Rationalization of processes. Hogwood Gunn (1984) question the coherence and rationality of the process model as a blueprint for action by giving rational explanation or justification of past acts, even when the acts in question do not lend themselves to such treatment (Hogwood Gunn, 1984: 26). Furthermore, Lindblom (1993) also argue that the stages are not hierarchical which proceeds from agenda setting and concluding with evaluation; rather they often overlap loop with each other as analysis proceeds. This is further elaborated below. Firstly, Lindblom (1993) argue that there may not even be a stage when problem definition occurs, since participants often vary widely in their ideas about the problem (Lindblom Woodhouse, 1993:10). He explains that this is because policy sometimes is formed from a compromise among political participants, moreover, none of whom had in mind quite the problem to which the agreed policy responds (Lindblom Woodhouse, 1993:10). Secondly, Lindblom Woodhouse (1993) also point out the inaccuracy to suggest that the decision-making phase exist. As suggested by Heclo (1972) a policy can consist of what is not being done (Hogwood Gunn, 1984: 21) and, thus, equally important, are the decisions to keep issues, that would be inconvenient, firmly off the agenda for political success in winning the disputes that arise. In other words, policy may emerge without any explicit decision, by failure to act as or the power of nondecision making (Bachrach Baratz, 1962; Heclo, 1972). Bachrach Baratz (1962) which exhibits the existence of institutional bias so that key groups are excluded in what is termed as the three dimensional view of power, in which power is used to exercise to control over the agenda of politics and of the ways in which potential issues are kept out of the political process (Lukes, 2005: 25). Furthermore, stating decisions are taken exclusively in the decision-making phase is rather inaccurate, becaus e in reality, decisions are constantly being made regardless of the stages you are in. For example, during the policy formulation, policy makers makes decisions on which alternatives to adopt for consideration and hence to implement; and during the implementation stages, policy makers make decisions on the choices of policy instruments to be utilized (Hill, 1993; Howlett Ramesh, 2003). Thirdly, Lindblom Woodhouse (1993) also argued that implementation and evaluation cannot be separated from the other steps. As mentioned by Lindblom Woodhouse (1993) an attempt to implement one policy almost always brings new problems onto the agenda, meaning the implementation and the step called agenda building collapse into each other (Lindblom Woodhouse, 1993: 10). An example from the case study is that during the implementation of the Quebec Tobacco Act, to include taxation on tobacco and a ban on tobacco sponsored arts and sports event, subsequently led to the discovery that such measure might impinge the competitiveness of tobacco industries and affect the economy of the province. Finally, policy evaluation often regarded as the end of the line, does not actually constitute a step in policy making unless it throws light on possible next moves in policy, in which case evaluation becomes intertwined with all other attempts to appraise and formulate options for reshaping government activity (Lindblom Woodhouse, 1993: 10). Moreover, I think that the evaluation phase overlaps with the agenda setting phase and the policy formulation phase. During the agenda setting and policy formulation phase, policies are also evaluated needed to persuade and influence people in adopting and supporting the bill. 3.2. Multiplicity of interactions. On the other hand, Sabatier (1999) note the framework oriented scholars towards looking at just one stage at a time, thus neglecting the entirety of the process by stating that they portrayed a disjointed, episodic process rather than a more ongoing, continuous one (Sabatier, 1999: 23). In addition, Sabatier Jenkins Smith (1999) set out 5 major deficiency of the heuristic approach; it provides little description of how policy moves from one stage to another; it cannot be tested empirically; it is essentially a top down which fails to take account of street-level and other actors; and it disregards multiple levels of governmental interactions. Finally, it does not provide an integrated view on the gathering of policy related information, apart from the evaluation phase (Parsons, 1995; Sabatier, 1999) as pointed out by (Majone, 1989) the effectiveness in solving social problems centres in bringing more information and systematic analysis into the policy making process. From the case study, it is clear that the process model is limited in its capacity to provide institutional analysis of government interactions because it is primarily conceived to provide systematic analysis of the overall policy making process, unlike institutionalism perspective which focuses on the role and relationship of government institutions which regards public policy as an institutional output of the mechanisms of the government where it is authoritatively determined, implemented and enforced by these institutions (Dye, 2002:12). Furthermore, the process model adheres to the view that policy making is a hierarchical top down process which initiates from agenda setting and finally ends with evaluation stage and therefore only takes account of authorized decision makers. Finally it is also rather limited in empirical research on each stage and only makes an attempt to describe systematic gathering of information in the evaluation phase only. However, on the other hand, I wou ld have to disagree with Sabatier (1999) in that the process model does not provide clear distinction between the stages and the progression from one phase to another. I think the primary distinction of the stagist model lies in the context of policy environment and policy stakeholders involved  [8]  . Henceforth taking the definitions which I presented above of each stage and the ones offered by Dye (2002: 14-15), the demarcations between the stages are summarized in the table below: Phase Policy Stakeholder (i.e. who are involved) Policy Environment (i.e. where does it take place) 1. Problem identification Individuals, public and private organizations, interest groups, think tanks, mass media and policy communities. Public debates, consultation with public, and sometimes top level government officials identify it themselves. 2. Agenda setting Public officials acting as gatekeepers as well as involvement of policy entrepreneurs. Mostly done by the Executive branch of the government and in government offices. 3. Policy formulation Primarily done by government officials in Executive agencies, but may also involve interest groups, congressional committees, and think tanks. Again done in Executive government offices but may also involve the Legislative branch of the government i.e. Parliament or Senate. 4. Implementation Primarily street-level bureaucrats and occasionally involving public participation. Carried out in formal government institutions. 5. Evaluation Done by government agencies but may also involve the public through medias, consultants and think tank organizations. Also very important is the use of citizen juries to evaluate public programmes. Evaluation is carried out in government offices, but also may be carried out in NGO organizations (such as EU, UN etc) and non-governmental institutions. In addition, Breton et al., (2008) successfully utilize the ACF to explain how the interactions of multiple policy advocacies have impacted policy change, which is another major deficiency of the stagist heuristic model. As mentioned by Majone (1989), both continuity and change are inherent in the conception of policy (Majone, 1989: 35) and therefore should be accounted for in the models in its capacity to comprehensively capture the policy making process. For example, the ACF manage to show how the changes in the external events directly impact the core beliefs of tobacco subsystems and hence resulted in the adoption of Tobacco Act (Refer to Fig.2 in Breton et al., 2002: 1683). However unlike the ACF, process model does not provide description on how policies are impacted by change. Moreover the process model assumes that every policies starts from scratch i.e. always starts by identification of problems. Conversely, policies may be enacted not from new problems or opportunities that emerge, rather continuation of past policies in which case, the problem identification phase may be invalid. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, the process model provides valuable insights in directing analysts attention to critical features in the policymaking process, and on elucidating the policy process paradigm. Furthermore, although the ACF model is conceived to account for the entire policy process, it is limited in its capacity to explain only the policy formation (i.e. agenda setting and decision making). In other words, both models differ in their level of analysis, which I hope have been successfully demonstrated above. On the other hand, the idea of breaking down the making of public policy into phases, may well impose stages on reality that is infinitely more complex, fluid and interactive; but to adopt a cyclical metaphor, it is not necessarily an unreasonable or unrealistic way of looking at what happens when public policy is made. Nonetheless, the process model does still provide some useful insights in public policy making. In my opinion, the most important thing is not to look at one best model to explain a particular policy rather a combination of models is needed as pointed out by Dye (2002: 12): These models are not competitive in the sense that any one of them could be judged best. Each one provides a separate focus on political life, and each can help us to understand different things about public policy. Although some policies appear at first glance to lend themselves to explanation by one particular model, most policies are a combination of rational planning, incrementalism, interest group activity, elite preferences, game playing, public choice, political processes, and institutional influences.